Sigmund Freud is generally regarded as the pioneer of psychoanalysis and he has made great progress in the field of neurology, psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. Freud’s work has been widely studied because it explores new ways to try to understand the human personality. Psychoanalysis is a clinical means of treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

5. Youth

Freud was given the name Sigismund Schlomo Freud at his birth on May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, which is now part of the Czech Republic. Freiberg at the time was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His parents were Jewish and his father worked as a wool merchant. The family settled in Vienna where Freud went to school. He has demonstrated high academic abilities, particularly in the fields of mathematics, Latin, Greek, history and science. Freud was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, Hebrew, Latin and Greek. He was admitted to the University of Vienna at 17 to pursue medical studies and to graduate in 1881.

4. Career

Freud’s career began at the Vienna General Hospital in 1882 where he worked in different departments. At the start of his career, Freud was influenced by his colleague Josef Breuer, who successfully treated a patient suffering from hysteria. The patient, named Bertha Pappenheim, overcame physical symptoms by speaking out about past traumatic events. This case inspired Freud to pursue psychology and, in 1895, he proposed that physical illnesses are most often external manifestations of trauma deeply suppressed in “Studies in Hysteria”. Freud left Vienna for Paris in 1885 and studied under the tutelage of Jean Charcot, an accomplished neurologist who was researching hypnosis. Upon his return to Vienna the following year, Freud established a private practice and married Martha Bernays. The last of her six children, Anna Freud, also became a psychoanalyst.

3. Major contributions

Sigmund Freud specializes in nervous and brain disorders. He realized that hypnosis was not as effective as he had hoped and therefore adopted a new method, where he freely engaged with the patients. He created a comfortable environment for the patient and encouraged them to speak out about their concerns. In 1896, Freud became the first to use the word psychoanalysis to describe his new treatment, thereby laying the groundwork for the field. Freud published revolutionary theories such as “dream interpretation”, in which he argued that the energy of the mind, if not released, would manifest in dreams. He suggested that dream analysis could treat neurosis.and latent content . The first was images and sounds, while the second referred to the hidden meaning of the dream. In his work entitled “The psychopathology of everyday life”, he examined the dynamic unconscious. He began lecturing at the University of Vienna in 1902 and was a major figure in the Psychoanalytic Society. Other renowned psychologists, including Carl Jung, were on his list of followers.

2. Challenges

Sigmund Freud’s work has been criticized as much as it has been praised for introducing new methods instead of classic methods. Freud’s work in the areas of sexuality, particularly with regard to homosexuality and infantile sexuality, has received the most severe criticism. When the Nazis occupied Germany in 1933, Freud’s books were among those that were burned. He sought exile in England in 1938 after the Nazis invaded Austria.

1. Death and inheritance

Sigmund Freud asked his doctor to give him a lethal dose of morphine after his cancer became unbearable. He had been suffering from jaw cancer for some time. He died on September 23, 1939 and his body was cremated. We remember Freud for his important contributions to psychology. He popularized terms such as unconscious, conscious and proposed theories to explain the human personality. Freud was a pioneer in the field of psychoanalysis and his work served as the basis for further research in the discipline.

If you are looking for fun and excitement on your next vacation, you may want to consider adding some of these major global tourist destinations to your itinerary. According to a study recently published by the Mastercard Global Destination Cities Index.

Bangkok

Back in 2012 and 2013, Bangkok was in first place on the list, and although Bangkok saw its ranking drop slightly in 2015, in 2016 and 2017, it managed to keep first place with millions of travelers. The city of Bangkok attracts visitors from far and wide with its many culinary specialties and its lively nightlife. The city serves as a starting and stopping point for many travelers to Southeast Asia.

London

London is the UK’s largest city and capital, home to many world-class museums and tourist attractions, including the London Eye, the London Bridge, the British Museum and much more. In its 2017 report, Mastercard says that 19.88 million tourists have visited London. This makes it the most visited tourist attraction in Europe and the second most visited attraction in the world.

Honorable mentions

Paris, Dubai and New York occupy the third, fourth and fifth positions respectively with 18.03 million, 15.27 million and 12.75 million visitors. Dubai has constantly advanced in the ranking since the launch of the MasterCard Global Destination Cities index. The future of Dubai looks bright as it prepares for Expo 2020. The Expo is one of many event opportunities and other key economic drivers that should strengthen its position in the travel world. Future tourists to the city are expected to increase the percentage by 8 compared to last year. By looking at the number of international overnight visitors that destination cities have attracted per resident city, Dubai appears to be the world champion, with 5.7 visitors per capita, an increase of 0.

Istanbul is the eighth most popular city in the world for tourists. International flights to Istanbul are cheaper than those from neighboring cities. Therefore, the city becomes an ideal starting point for trips through Europe, Asia or North Africa. The city itself is a spectacle: an exquisite intersection of the west and the east.

Destination and future cities

According to the study sponsored by MasterCard, the cities of Osaka in Japan, Chengdu in China, Colombo in Sri Lanka and Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates are all cities showing promising signs of growth in their sectors of tourism. This is mainly due to the increase in tourist visits from neighboring countries. Certain particular factors can also be cited for the growth of tourism in some of these cities, such as the strengthening of the tourism sector in Sri Lanka through reconstruction after a civil war and the increase in the number of international tourists to China.

The most popular cities in the world to visit

The borders between continents are somewhat of a geographic convention. The number of continents that the Earth is considered to have can vary between six and seven, although the number can go up to four when the Afro-Eurasian countries and the Americas are combined into continents. There are only three land borders. These borders include those between Asia and Europe, between Africa and Asia and between North and South America.

Overview of Eurasia

The border between Europe and Asia exists on paper. However, there is no significant physical distinction between the two continents. The border between the two continents is only a historical and cultural construction. The border between Asia and Europe is often defined to follow the Aegean Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Strait of Turkey, the Black Sea, the Greater Caucasus and the Ural River and Mountains. However, controversies exist over the exact limit. Since no water separates the two continents, they both exist on the same land mass. The division of the two continents is purely cultural and tends to be biased on the European side. The modern definition of the Eurasian border places some countries on two continents, while others entirely on one continent. These transcontinental countries include Turkey, Russia, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan.

Does the Europe-Asia border exist?

The border between Europe and Asia, as it exists today, was defined for the first time by Philip Johan Von Strahlenberg, an explorer and an officer in the Swedish army. Its border followed the mountain ranges of the Urals; Emba River to the north coast of the Caspian Sea and the Kuma-Manych depression that exists on the Black Sea. The depression is the name of two rivers that lie in the northern part of the Caucasus mountains and are currently considered the exact boundary. The eastern border between the two countries cut Russia in half, the European part of Russia and the Asian part. The distribution of people between the two parts of the country is uneven, the European part hosting more than 75% of the population.

The physical characteristics defining the Asia-Europe boundary

The Ural Mountain watershed forms a natural border separating the two continents. The mountain range averages 3,000 to 4,000 feet above sea level. The highest peak, Mount Narodnaya, measures 6,214 feet. From the Urals Sea, the border follows the Ural River, a non-navigable area which ends and flows into the Caspian Sea. However, the segment covered by the Ural River remains to be determined. The Caspian Sea is the next major segment of the border. The sea is 746 long and 270 wide, making it a large, completely enclosed body of water. Boundaries of boundaries are not universally final and vary from one source to another. Some geographers place the country of Georgia entirely in Europe, while others classify it as a transcontinental country that spans both Asia and Europe. Cyprus is also placed in Asia by some geographers, although the country is often considered to be part of the modern definition of Europe. According to the geographic requirements of the EU, the definition of Europe is culturally and geographically linked and is therefore subject to political discretion.

How did the two continents come?

The original continental separation was invented by ancient Greek sailors who named the continents as Europe and Asia. The two land masses were separated by a complex waterway flowing from the Aegean Sea to the Sea of ​​Azov. However, the Greeks viewed the continent as physical entities with cultural significance or minimal political content. Herodotus’ triple system divided the old world into three: Europe, Africa and Asia. However, the border between Europe and Asia has remained unusual, even among Greek geographers and even Herodotus. The border between Asia and Europe was placed along the Phasis River by Anaximandar. The convention was also followed by the Herodotus in the 5th BC. However, a new convention was born in the following centuries, drawing the continental limits along the Tanais or the modern Don river. From the Middle Ages to the 12th century, the traditional division of Eurasia into two continents followed Ptolemy with borders along the Strait of Turkey, the Black Sea, the Sea of ​​Azov and the Don. However, in 18, Philip Johan Von Strahlenberg left the Don border by drawing a line along the Volga across Samend Bend and along the Ural Mountains. from the Sea of ​​Azov and the Don. However, in 18, Philip Johan Von Strahlenberg left the Don border by drawing a line along the Volga across Samend Bend and along the Ural Mountains. from the Sea of ​​Azov and the Don. However, in 18, Philip Johan Von Strahlenberg left the Don border by drawing a line along the Volga across Samend Bend and along the Ural Mountains.

Role of Soviet Geographers

By the middle of the 12th century, three main conventions had emerged. One was traced along the Volga-Don canal, the second following the Kuma-Manych depression to the Urals, while the third convention follows the watershed of the Greater Caucasus to the Caspian Sea . The second convention, the line that follows the Kuma-Manych Depression to the Caspian Sea, is the most popular convention today. Soviet geographers recommended that the border between the two continents be drawn in the textbooks of Baydaratskaya Bay, along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains. The Soviet definition of the border placed the Caucasus entirely in Asia while the Urals was entirely in Europe. In addition,

Conclusion

The confusion surrounding the definition of two continents leads to more geographers identifying only six continents, merging Europe and Asia to form Eurasia. The split of Eurasia into Europe and Asia on the basis of the true definition of a continent is now registered. The separation of Europe and Asia was the effort of European geographers and scholars who sought to separate their region from the world. In fact, some readers find it difficult to accept the landmass forming Europe and Asia as separate continents in a context other than studying the history of the 12th century. In Europe and Asia, historical limits prevail over conventional continental criteria.

5. North America – 13th Floor of Buildings

In North America, manufacturers omit the 13th Floor by numbering it differently. For example, they can call it 12 A instead of using the number 13. Indeed, there is concern that 13 is an unlucky number which can lead to tragedy or ill fortune when used. Landlords are also concerned that such floors may not be occupied by tenants who believe the myth. Fear of the 13th floor is a phobia called “ triskaidekaphobie. ”The naming methods for the 13th floor vary with each builder and owner. Common practice is to ignore 13 and name the next floor 14 as follows: 12, 14, 15, 16, etc. Another method is to name the word. An example of this is in the case of the Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago, where the 13th floor is the mezzanine. Other people use the Latin alphabet M to designate the 13th floor. In some cases, the floor is not occupied by people; instead, it is used for other functions such as storage or simply a mechanical floor. Some manufacturers build the elevators in such a way that they do not stop at the 13th. Although the 13th story phobia is widespread in North America, some people don’t mind. In fact, they believe that its omission in certain buildings is a plot by government agencies to use these soils for clandestine activities. Alternatively, assassins could use the soil to organize their activities because no one really pays attention to them.

4. Philippines – do not wear red during storms

Some people in the Philippines believe that red clothing should not be worn during storms. This is because the red color attracts lightning which can strike someone to death. Because of this belief, Filipinos avoid dressing in red during a storm and are very afraid of their lives if caught in a storm dressed in red. This is despite the fact that the red skin normally has very positive connotations. Red shows an individual’s confidence and exudes energy and power. It is said to be the warmest color among all other colors.

3. Spain – Tuesday the 13th

The fear of Tuesday the 13th led to the creation of a word called ” Trezidavomartiofobia” in 1991. The word means phobia from Tuesday the 13th. In Spanish-speaking countries, Tuesday, the 13th is also known as the “day of bad luck” Several theories try to explain this fear. The first is related to the popular Christian account of the Last Supper, where Judas Iscariot would have been the 13th guest. After he betrayed Jesus. The second myth is that at an organized party Valhalla, “Loki”, the mythological god of evil and the spirit of death, appeared at the festival as a guest of the 13th. the belief that Tuesday 13 ^thIt was a fateful day that led most western countries to leave out room number 13 in the numbering of hotel rooms. Likewise, the omission of 13 is also evident in the air aisles and floor numbers of multi-storey buildings. Surprisingly, even parents fear that their children will become 13 years, a fear that emanates from Tuesday 13th. This is because it is the start of a developmental phase in adolescents known as adolescents and which is a “scary” stage. Teenagers are quite difficult to deal with because they are very open, emotionally distracted and influenced by their peers. Most children become rebellious at this stage of their life if they are not given the right advice and counseling.

2. China – chopsticks in rice

Chopsticks are used in many Asian countries as kitchen utensils. It is a practice transmitted by moral teaching known as Confucianism. The Chinese believe that knives and forks symbolize violence. As such, they abandoned their use and chose to use chopsticks that bring out a gentle and caring mood during meals. When using chopsticks in China, it is important to note that it is taboo to stick your chopsticks vertically. This is because it reminds them of the funeral where the incense sticks are placed in the same way. It is also believed that this while eating results in bad luck. Sticking chopsticks vertically while eating rice can even cause death an individual or their family. Also, it is considered rude and disrespectful to lay the chopsticks vertically in the rice.

1. China – number 4

Like number 13 in western culture, number 4 is considered an unlucky number in Chinese culture. This is because the pronunciation of the number is similar to that of death ( “Yes”in Chinese). The number 4 is therefore associated with bad luck. This led to the creation of a word known as “tetraphobia”, which essentially means the phobia of number 4. The Chinese anyway avoid addresses and telephone numbers with the digital 4. In fact, sometimes when 4 is combined with other numbers, the number is thought to have a meaning worse than 4. For example, the number 14 means “will certainly die”, 24 means “easy to die” and 94 means “To be dead for a long time”. The Cantons in China consider 14 and 24 the most unlucky while the Mandarin speakers hate the numbers and 14. In fact, it is believed that China did not continue hosting the World Olympics in 74, after Beijing had lost its offer in 2004,^th floors ignored for the simple reason that 4 is an unlucky number.

North America is a continent located in the northern and western hemispheres. The continent is the third largest, behind Asia and Africa, and covers an area of ​​approximately 24,709,000 square kilometers. A large part of North America’s land is entirely covered by water, as it borders the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, respectively to the north, east and At the South-East. The land is also covered by numerous lakes, some of which are among the largest in the world.

Great Lakes in North America

Lake Superior

The largest lake in North America is Lake Superior. Originally, the name of the lake did not refer to its enormous size, but the first French explorers qualified it as “superior lake”, because it was the only lake upstream of the other Great Lakes of America North. However, in the 1760s, the British anglicized the name of lake to Lake Superior in reference to its massive size. Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world and covers a total area of ​​82,100 square miles.

Lake Huron

Lake Huron is the second largest lake in North America and covers a total area of ​​59,590 square kilometers. Lake Huron receives its main entrance from Lake Superior, via the St. Mary’s River, and discharges its waters into Lake Erie. Lake Huron is the third largest freshwater lake in the world. It is located mainly between Lake Michigan and Lake Ontario, which are the third and eighth largest lakes in North America, respectively.

Lake Michigan

Lake Michigan is the third largest lake in North America and covers a total area of ​​58,000 square kilometers, an area slightly smaller than Lake Huron. However, Lake Michigan is the second largest lake in North America, after Lake Superior.

Lake ontario

Lake Ontario covers an area of ​​18,960 square kilometers, making it the eighth largest lake in North America. Lake Ontario is the fifth deepest among the Great Lakes in North America and has a volume of 1,640 cubic kilometers. Lake Ontario is the fourteenth largest lake in the world. Although it is the smallest of the Great Lakes in terms of area, Lake Ontario exceeds Lake Erie in volume.

Lake Erie

Lake Erie covers a total area of ​​25,700 square kilometers and is the fourth largest among the Great Lakes in North America, but the sixth largest of all lakes in North America. In terms of volume, Lake Erie is the smallest of the Great Lakes, measuring 484 cubic kilometers.

The Great Lakes of North America

The lakes mentioned above are among the largest lakes in North America. Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario and Lake Erie are classified as the Great Lakes of North America. They are described as the Great Lakes because they are among the most important natural features of the North American continent, as well as the world. It is a series of freshwater lakes located in east-central North America. However, some lakes in North America are larger, such as Great Bear Lake, which is larger than Lake Ontario and Lake Erie.

The largest lakes in North America

The Middle Ages was the era marked by the beginning of the High Middle Ages and ended with the end of the late Middle Ages. Historians believe that the beginning of the Middle Ages began in the 12th century AD and ended in the 12th century AD. The beginning of the Middle Ages was preceded by the decline of the Western Roman Empire and the collapse of Rome between the 6nd and the 10th century AD. The population of the Roman Empire declined dramatically in the 10th century X, partly due to the famines and constant invasions of neighboring tribes.

Early Middle Ages

In the early Middle Ages, the Byzantine Empire peaked in the 12th century AD, marked by the rise of Emperor Constantine I in 4 CE, who established the city of Constantinople as the seat of power. Another notable event in the early Middle Ages was the rise of Islam and the establishment of caliphates in the Middle East during the 12th century. These caliphs were engaged in sporadic wars with the Byzantine Empire, which included an unsuccessful siege of Constantinople in 330 CE. The period also saw the rise of the Vikings, who led large-scale raid expeditions across Europe. The High Middle Ages are sometimes called the Age of Darkness, illiteracy being widespread and, consequently, few written documents of the time.

High Middle age

The High Middle Ages was the period of European history which followed the beginning of the Middle Ages and began in the 12th century and ended in the 12th century. The period saw the growth of the Byzantine Empire with its capital, Constantinople, continuing its reign as the largest city in Europe. The High Middle Ages were characterized by increased migration from rural areas to cities, which led to the growth of cities across Europe. The High Middle Ages saw the spread of Christianity across the continent, from Great Britain to Scandinavia, as well as the split of the Catholic Church at 11 into the Western Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Islamic-Christian conflict intensified in the High Middle Ages, the Christian kingdoms engaging in military campaigns in the “Holy Land” known as the Crusades, the intention of which was to drive out the Islamic Caliphates from Palestine. The 12th century Renaissance took place during the High Middle Ages, when important social, economic and political transformations took place.

Late Middle Ages

The end of the Middle Ages marked the end of the Middle Ages and ushered in the modern era in Europe. The end of the Middle Ages took place between the 10th century and the beginning of the 12th century. The notable event of the late Middle Ages was the decline of the Byzantine Empire and the fall of Constantinople in 14, which led to the rise of the Ottoman Empire. The end of the Middle Ages also saw the growth of the Serbian empire, as well as the invention of the printing press. However, Europe, in general, experienced a period of decline at the end of the Middle Ages, while the continent was entangled in a civil war.

McDonald’s is one of the most popular fast food chains in the world. It is the second largest private employer in the world and the largest restaurant chain in terms of income. Two-thirds of restaurant revenue is collected by the franchise outside the United States. The fast food restaurant has around 36,900 in 100 countries, serving 60,000 people daily. McDonald’s is known for its burgers, chicken products and fries among other products. Although fast food seems to have its presence everywhere, there are 90 countries that do not have one. Some of these countries once had McDonald’s, but it had to close for economic or political reasons. Below are some of the countries without McDonald’s restaurants.

Country without McDonald’s Restaurants

Countries in Africa without McDonald’s

Although Africa is one of the most populous continents and a growing demand for fast food, McDonald’s is only present in four of the 54 countries, namely Morocco, Egypt, South Africa and the Mauritania. Combined, these four countries have outlets 387. In perspective, Mexico has more McDonald’s restaurants than all of Africa combined in outlets 393. Since the start of the new millennium, talks have taken place to open McDonald’s outlets in countries such as Ghana, Zimbabwe, and possibly Kenya, but the plans have since been abandoned. For now, anyone in Africa who wants to enjoy the McDonald’s burger will have to travel to the north or south of the continent.

Countries in Asia without McDonald’s

There are a considerable number of McDonald’s outlets in Asia with countries such as Japan, China and Korea, which have hundreds of outlets. However, several countries on the continent are deprived of the popular restaurant chain. North Korea, Iran and Afghanistan are among the Asian countries that lack McDonald’s products.

Countries that have closed McDonald’s restaurants

Iceland is one of the most prominent countries in Europe without any McDonald’s. The small country closed all outlets following the collapse of their currency (Icelandic krona) in 2009. The country’s economic crisis at the time resulted in high costs of importing food products demanded by McDonald’s.

Macedonia had six outlets that operated for about six years before being closed due to a dispute between the European headquarters of McDonald’s and the company that operated the franchise in Macedonia.

McDonald’s outlets in Bolivia, which had operated in the country in the 14s, were closed due to political instability that prevented the company from making a profit.

In Bermuda, the construction of a sales outlet was halted due to constant protests and the law prohibiting the establishment of a franchised restaurant in the country.

Why is McDonald’s not in these countries?

Although most of these countries have a potential market for fast food, the lack of disposable income of citizens is considered a major setback in the creation of outlets in these countries. In some countries like Macedonia, McDonald’s has not established or closed outlets for political reasons. In Iceland, outlets were closed due to the economic crisis that hit the country in 2009. Some countries like Nigeria are unable to access McDonald’s services due to lack of supply chain adequate, as they are very far from countries with McDonald’s restaurants.

Country without McDonald’s Restaurants