Getting admission to university is difficult no matter which college you choose to go to. The process involves a lot of hard work, first, to get over the deadline and then to write the best personal statement that would sell your viability to a school.

Some of the most difficult schools to attend are also the most prestigious and top rated for education and extracurricular activities.

5 Hardest School launches in the United States

Harvard University

Founded in 1636, it is the oldest university in the United States and one of the most renowned universities in the world. It has an acceptance rate of 5%. The 25th Percentile SAT score for accepted students is 1430, while the 75th percentile is 1600. For ACT scores, they accept 32 for the 25th percentile and a score of 35 for the 75th percentile. Harvard students have a choice of 45 concentrations and access a prestigious network of alumni, including seven presidents of the 124 Pulitzer Prize winners, also from Harvard. The journey between the Cambridge campus and Boston is by metro 12.

Stanford University

Stanford University is located in Palo Alto, California. The university, nicknamed “the farm”, offers students a lot of greenery and a favorable climate. The university with an acceptance rate of 5% admits students with a SAT score of 1380/1580 for the 25th / 75th percentile and an ACT score of 31 and 35 for the 25th and 75th percentile respectively. The school has a population of 7,000 students who appreciate the 4: 1 ratio. Although the most common course is computer science, the school offers a wide range of courses in art, history and urban development. .

Yale University

The school is located in New Haven Connecticut. With a student population of 5,400, it has an acceptance rate of 6%. Yale University admits students with a SAT score of 1420/1600 for the 25th / 75th percentile and an ACT score of 32/35 for the 25th / 75th percentile.

New students receive one of the 14 colleges where they will study, live and eat for the rest of their school life. History is one of the most common majors of Yale. The university boasts of the country’s oldest university newspaper, the Yale Daily News, and the first American literary review, the literary review Yale.

Columbia University

This university has an acceptance rate of 7%. To be admitted to Columbia University, a student must have a SAT score of 1410 and 1590 for the 25th and 75th percentiles and an ACT score of 32 and 35 for the 25th and 75 percentiles. All students are required to follow the basic program, ie six courses that teach history and the humanities, after which they obtain their independence in the choice of courses. What they can even enroll at Barnard College is nearby. The school is located in New York, providing students with professional opportunities

Princeton University

The school in Princeton, New Jersey has an undergraduate population of 5,200 and doubles the number of graduate students. The acceptance rate is 7% with a SAT score of 1400/1590, 25th / 75th Percentile and an ACT score of 32/35 for the 25th / 75th Percentile. Princeton has focused on undergraduate education, giving students the opportunity to attend seminars and research programs. Princeton also allows new students to defer for one year to perform overseas service work, a tuition-free arrangement.

Make the right choice

It is important to take time and consider personal interests before choosing a college. In the case of a university selection, the school should be able to provide your academic and extracurricular interests before a choice is made.

5 Hardest School launches in the United States

The surface of the earth is mainly located at sea level or below sea level, because X% of our planet is covered with water. It is interesting to note that today, many areas of the earth are submerged by 71 several years ago, during the great ice age, above the water level. It was because the sea level was then below 18,000. These are caused by depressions below the sea, including those that originate from tectonic plates whose centers open or deform, while some are volcanic. Some of our larger desert areas are particularly prone to being lower, where water evaporation was once the greatest.

Most of the depressions listed below have depths that change constantly with changing rainfall patterns, water evaporation, human water consumption, flooding and river flows and neighboring streams. Depressions with lakes or rivers can sometimes disappear or reappear, depending on seasonal variations in the supply of water from natural sources. There are others among the lowest on earth which are both below sea level and covered with ice. The points which do not appear in this list are the points located on the ocean floor or in the caves, because we have only listed the exposed grounds. Even some of the largest cities in the world are found below sea level, including Bangkok, Amsterdam and New Orleans. These, however, cannot be compared in terms of the depth at which the lands listed below can claim to reach.

10. Salton Sea, USA, feet -227

The tenth place belongs to the Salton depression, located between the United States and Mexico. It is located 69, a few meters below sea level, just two meters from the lowest point in the United States, the Death Valley, not so far away.

9. Vpadina Akchanaya, Turkmenistan, feet -266

Ninth place belongs to the Akchanaya depression. This is located in Turkmenistan, and is 81 meters below sea level. Its location is in the Karakum Desert, one of the driest areas in the country.

8. Death Valley, USA, feet -282

Eighth is Death Valley, which is located in one of the warmest deserts in the United States. It’s 86 meters below sea level. Sometimes heavy rains cause flash floods, which in turn cause a lake to form at the bottom of the desert valley.

7. Laguna del Carbon, Argentina, feet -344

Seventh place goes to the Argentinian nation, which is home to the Great San Julian Depression. It is located 105 meters below sea level and located in the Laguna del Carbon. The latter includes salt marshes and is also known as the lowest of the southern and western hemispheres.

6. Denakil, Ethiopia, feet -410

Our sixth place goes to the Denakil depression, located in Ethiopia. It is in the Indian, Arab and African Afar Depression, caused by the movements of the three tectonic plates. It is 125 meters below sea level.

5. Vpadina Karagiye, Kazakhstan, feet -433

Fifth place goes to the depression of Vpadina Karagiye. Its location is in the southwestern part of Kazakhstan. It is 132 meters below sea level, located in a landlocked country that was a former satellite of the Soviet Union.

4. Qattara Depression, Egypt, feet -435

Fourth place goes to the Qattara depression in Egypt. It is located 133 meters below sea level and located in the Libyan desert of Egypt. The region has some nomadic tribes who use it as a breeding ground.

3. Turpan Pendi, China, feet -505

The third row is a unique place in China, namely the Turpan Pendi. Located in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region in western China, this depression is 154 meters below sea level. This is considered to be the driest and warmest place in China.

2. Lake Assal, Djibouti, feet -509

Our second site belongs to Lake Assal in Djibouti, which is also the saltiest lake on the planet. Located in the Afar depression and 155 meters below sea level, the lake has some of the driest and warmest weather on earth. Assal straddles the Indian, Arab and African tectonic plates.

1. Dead Sea, Israel / Jordan, feet -1360

The title of the lowest place in the world goes to the Dead Sea. The Dead Sea is located in a depression straddling three countries, namely Jordan, Israel and Syria, which also includes the Jordan River and the Sea of ​​Galilee. It is also part of communities in several countries and some of their most important cultivated agricultural land. Although the rain and evaporation are constantly changing levels, some of its banks are still 413 meters below the water level.

Several countries around the world have experienced declining populations. The list below includes 19 countries that have experienced negative population growth rates. Many of the countries on the list are located in Europe, with a few exceptions, such as Syria and Japan. Data from verifiable sources such as the UN, the World Bank and the CIA Factbook indicate that between 2005 and 2015, countries like Andorra, Syria, Lithuania, Georgia and Latvia experienced negative population growth due to to different factors. All three data sources defined population as the number of all residences, regardless of citizenship or legal status, not including refugees.

Countries with declining populations

Andorra

During this period, the poorly understood population of Andorra recorded a population growth rate of -3.61%. With a population of around 77,281 (2016), the country is the eleventh-smallest in population and the sixteenth-smallest in the world. Although Andorra had the highest life expectancy in the world in 2013 (81 years) and is very rich, negative population growth is a by-product of several factors. To begin with, two-thirds of the population is not a citizen and, as a result, the government has become selective in admitting more people to the country. Second, Andorra has a low birth rate, babies 7.8 among all residents of 1,000, making it number 223 globally in terms of child births.

Syria

UN data puts the growth of the Syrian population at -2.27%. This trend is unusual because Syria has always been a fertile country with positive population growth, in addition to accepting a large number of refugees from different Arab and Muslim countries. However, things changed in 2011 after the country plunged into civil war, resulting in the displacement of almost half the population and the fact that more than 4 million Syrians were refugees in other countries. The civil war also had an impact on the country’s fertility, life expectancy and immigration. Before the war, Syria had about a year of births compared to 500,000. Among the other factors behind the negative number,

Lithuania

As of 2017, Lithuania had around 2.8 million inhabitants and a population growth of -1.63% by 2015. The main population challenge of Lithuania is emigration, since the country has a large party politician elected on the ideology of the exclusive fight against emigration. Hundreds of thousands of productive young Lithuanians leave the country, causing a “brain drain” that poses challenges for planners, politicians and decision-makers. Since the beginning of 1990, Lithuania has lost around a quarter of its population and the rate has increased after the EU joined a region which has lost up to 50 in countries like Britain. faster population decline. Those who leave cite a stagnant economy, a lack of political growth in the economy, low wages and hostile social policies such as home ownership. Current research shows that the elderly and people of low socioeconomic status dominate the population due to selective migration leading to socio-spatial polarization in certain regions where life is most fruitful.

Reasons for population decline

There are several other countries with declining populations, including Georgia (-1.21%), Latvia (-1.18%) and Romania (-0.79%). The reasons for overlapping negative population growth in these countries are low fertility, family planning, the difficult economic situation leading to poverty and unemployment, high emigration rate, insecurity like high crime rate and wars, bad weather and natural disasters. .

Countries with declining populations

Planet Earth is one of the unique planets in the solar system due to the presence of abundant water resources to support life. It may seem that the Earth consists of a single layer of a large solid rock. However, this is not true. The Earth is actually made up of several parts and layers, some of which are in constant motion. The Earth is divided into several layers, including the core, the mantle, the lithosphere and the crust. Each of the layers has unique properties. Here is a brief overview of the main layers of the Earth.

he crust

The crust is the outer layer of the Earth. It is the thinnest layer on earth compared to other layers. Its thickness varies from 5 km in the ocean floor to around 70 km on the earth’s surface. The crust is divided into huge plates that float in the next layer of the earth (the mantle). The plates move constantly but at a slow pace. When the plates rub against each other, earthquakes occur but when they collide, the mountains form. The theory behind plate movements is often called plate tectonics. The earth’s crust is made up of several elements, including oxygen, aluminum, silicon, calcium, iron, sodium, magnesium and potassium.

The coat

The mantle is under the crust and measures approximately 2,890 kilometers deep. It is by far the thickest layers and represents 85% of the volume of the Earth. The layer can be divided into upper and lower coats. The great pressure exerted on the lower mantle makes it completely solid while the upper mantle, also called the asthenosphere, is liquid and flows in the form of a convection current. The mantle is mainly made up of silicate rocks rich in iron and magnesium. Due to the intense heat, the silicon rocks rise. The rocks then cool and descend to the heart. Heating, cooling and sinking of the rocks is believed to be responsible for the tectonic movement.

The Core

The Earth’s core is divided into internal and external nuclei. The two cores are mainly made of iron and nickel. The difference between the inner core and the outer core is that the mineral in the inner core is solid while the outer core is liquid. The inner core is as hot as the sun but, due to the pressure of the weight of the earth, it cannot melt. However, the outer core has less pressure on it, which leads to the melting of minerals. The liquid moves slowly and is responsible for the earth’s magnetic field. The North and South poles also exist due to the liquid outer core.

Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. It is the most studied planet after Earth due to speculation that there may be water below the surface and its similarities to Earth. Mars is also known as the “red planet” because its surface is reddish in color. The surface consists of red rocks and a thick layer of oxidized iron dust.

Dusty March Crust

Mars is covered with dust because it lacks vegetation and water on the surface. The soil on the surface is composed of potassium, magnesium, sodium and chloride. The thickness of the crust is six to thirteen miles. There are no tectonic plates on Mar. The surface presents enormous volcanoes formed by successive eruptions millions of years ago.

Coat And Heart Of Mars

Evidence suggests that Mars is a dormant planet that has not erupted in millions of years. The planet’s mantle is dormant, unlike the Earth’s mantle which is constantly reforming. The mantle of Mars is made up of iron, magnesium, oxygen and silicon. Unlike the solid Earth’s mantle, Mars’ mantle is made up of soft rocks. The coat is between 770 and 1.170 thick. Mars has a solid core that has a diameter between 930 and 1,300. The nucleus is dormant and therefore has no magnetic field protecting the planet from space radiation. Instead, Mars produces sporadic field lines that have been dubbed “Christmas lights” because they are of no benefit to the planet.

Atmosphere And Water Of Mars

Liquid water cannot exist for long in March because it is too cold and the surface is bare. However, the physical characteristics of the surface suggest that at some point, water flowed to the surface. Water exists on the planet in the form of ice in the ground and patches of ice under the polar regions. The atmosphere is too thin to support life and also consists of 95% carbon dioxide. Mars experiences frequent giant dust devils that regularly push dust into the atmosphere. In some cases, dust storms completely or partially cover the planet. It frequently snows on the red planet, but snowflakes are made up of carbon dioxide. Snowflakes from the North Pole are larger and more frequent than those from the South Pole.

Life on Mars

Mars cannot support life as it exists on Earth. However, researchers find evidence to suggest that the planet could have been habitable in the past. The Curiosity Rover discovered elements crucial to the development of life and the presence of water led to think that life could polar regions.

What is Sufism?

Islam is one of the largest religions in the world and is also growing the fastest with a current rate of over X billion people. Muslims are divided into three main branches, including Sunnis, Shiites and Kharijites, which mainly depend on their origin. Muslims believe in one God, angels, the Koran and the Prophet Muhammad. They pray five times a day, give alms, fast during the holy month of Ramadan and make a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca as an act of worship. Another important aspect of Islam is the search for a direct personal experience of God practiced by all branches of Islam. This act of diverting the hearts of everyone except God is known as Sufism in Islam.

Sufism overview

Sufism is an inner mystical dimension of Islam practiced by different turuq, a congregation formed around mawla who trace their teachings to the prophet Muhammad. Turuq meet for spiritual sessions called majlis in places known as Zawiyas or tekke. The Sufi seeks to find a direct connection and a spiritual experience with God by diverting the heart from all things in the world and focusing entirely on God. The Sufi precepts can be traced from Muhammad to Ali who was his cousin and Naqshbandi who originated from Muhammad through the Caliph Rashid. The Sufis followed one of the four madhhabs of the Sunni Muslim and gained prominence among Muslims, attempting to fight worldliness at the start of the Umayyad Caliphate between 660 and 750.

The term Sufism comes from lists in the British East which wanted to separate what they found attractive in Islam from what they thought to be negative. However, Muslims have used the term Tasawwuf or Sufism to refer to the inner character of Islam supported by the external rituals of the religion such as sharia. Therefore, to be a Muslim, he must be a true Sufi. Sufism is not a sect within an Islamic religion, but a part of Islamic practice that focuses on self-purification. He focuses on more spiritual dimensions of religion and strives for direct encounter with God using emotional faculties through regular practices.

History and spread of Sufism

The Sufi orders are anchored on bayah or pledge of allegiance which would have been given to the prophet Muhammad by his companions (Sahabah). The Sahabah is committed to serving God by pledging allegiance to the Prophet. The first manuals containing Sufi doctrines and practices were written towards the end of the first millennium. Notable articles include Kashf al-Mahjub and Risala. Sufism produced a great culture in the Islamic world between the 12th and the 10th century. During this period, several places were endowed through the waqf to provide a suitable meeting place for the Sufi follower and accommodation for those seeking Sufi knowledge. The same endowments were used in constructions such as the famous Suleymaniye mosque in Istanbul. Sufism was essential to the growth and development of Islam and to the creation of several Islamic practices, especially in Africa and Asia. Sufism experts claim that the initial period of development of Sufism was linked to the internalization of Islam directly from the Qur’an, which was regularly recited, meditated and experienced. Sufism played an important role in the contact between Hinduism and Islam in India during the pilgrimage to the shrines of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, founder of the Chishtiyya order. More Hindus than Muslims were converted to Sufi practices during this period. Sufism experts claim that the initial period of development of Sufism was linked to the internalization of Islam directly from the Qur’an, which was regularly recited, meditated and experienced. Sufism played an important role in the contact between Hinduism and Islam in India during the pilgrimage to the shrines of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, founder of the Chishtiyya order. More Hindus than Muslims were converted to Sufi practices during this period. Sufism experts claim that the initial period of development of Sufism was linked to the internalization of Islam directly from the Qur’an, which was regularly recited, meditated and experienced. Sufism played an important role in the contact between Hinduism and Islam in India during the pilgrimage to the shrines of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, founder of the Chishtiyya order. More Hindus than Muslims were converted to Sufi practices during this period.

The conquest of South Asia by the Turks was accompanied by the Sufi mystic of the Chashtiyya order and spread its roots across India. The Suhrawardi order was introduced to India by Baha-Ud-din Zakariya of Multan. Naqshbandiyyah and Qadiriyyah are among the other Sufi orders introduced to India in the 12th and 10th centuries. The modern Sufi order is composed, among others, of the Ba’Alawiyya, Chishti, Khalwati, Naqshbandi and Sarwari Qadiri. Sufism is popular in countries like Morocco and Senegal while it is traditional in Morocco. Sufism is popular in Senegal because it can accommodate local cultures oriented towards the mystical. However, Sufism has suffered a setback in some countries of North Africa and among modernist Muslims who see it as a superstitious practice which hampers the progress of Islam in the field of technology and science. Among the main sufis, we can cite Abul Hasan Ash-Shadhil, who presented dhikr, Bayazid Bastami, Ibn Arabi and Mansur Al-Hallaj among other important sufis.

Sufism Goals

Sufism believes that one can enter the presence of God and embrace the divinity of the present life. The main objectives of Sufism are to seek to please God by constructing in itself the primitive state of the fitra, as the Koran emphasizes. In teaching, the Sufis believe that the passage of divine light passes from a teacher to the student through the heart rather than through material knowledge. Devotion to Muhammad is a specific goal and an exceptional practice among the Sufis. Muhammad is revered because of his spiritual greatness. In fact, the Sufis believe that Islam is the best religion because of the Prophet Muhammad, because he is supreme and master of greatness. Sufis also believe that sharia, tariqa and haqiqa are all independent.

Devotional practices of Sufism

The devotional practices of Sufism vary due to the recognized and authorized ways to reach spirituality. The requirement of the practice includes adherence to the Islamic pillars, while the seekers must also be rooted in the practices of the lifestyle of the Prophet Muhammad. The seeker must have the correct creed and hold his principles and turn away from sin and love for this world and obedience to satanic impulses. Dhikr (remembrance of Allah), Muraqaba (meditation), the Sufi whirlwind (active physical meditation) and visits are other devotional practices.

Persecution of the Sufis

Sufi persecution includes the destruction of their shrines and other places of worship, repression and discrimination in many parts of the Muslim world. In Pakistan, out of 200, Sufis were killed and 500 injured in 2005. Sufi ceremonial practices that accompany their worship were banned and shrines destroyed during the reign of Al-Shabab in Somalia. In 2010, Dhikr rallies were banned in Egypt while several Sufi religious sites in Libya were destroyed during the Libyan civil war. Iranian government considers total ban on Sufism with destruction of several Sufi places of worship

Herodotus was one of the greatest historians of his time. Born into a prominent family around 484 BCE, he had access to the best education unlike most of his peers. His parents, Lyxes and Dyro, and his brother Theodorus lived in the Persian Empire, now the Republic of Turkey, where the famous poet Panyassis also lived. Herodotus learned a lot about ancient Greek literature and developed an itinerant character who took him across the Middle East, to Asia Minor, to Babylon and to Egypt, making him acquire many knowledge on geography and history.

In 457 BCE, there was a conflict between his clan and the leaders of the time. This was largely contributed by the great knowledge of his extended family which led them to question the leadership style of the leaders of Halicarnassus. This led him to go into exile in the Samos Islands and later in Babylon, Greece and Asia. He finally returned to his native region and helped overthrow the kingdom of Halicarnassus, becoming a hero in his hometown. He traveled to Athens in Greece and participated in the affairs of this city by making him win two awards for the most illustrious man and the most eminent statesman, Pericles. In 443 BCE, he moved to Thurii in Italy where he produced important literary works which will never be forgotten.

Works of Herodotus

As the first intuitive writer, Herodotus wrote an exceptional piece known as “Inquiry”, which helped researchers understand the occurrences of ancient times. In his early years, he must have heard of the preparations of the Persian Empire to attack Greece and the training of the army under the officer Artemisia de Cariac, forming works for his first history books. The main source of information for Herodotus was personal encounters with events, other witnesses and oral traditions. Besides the authors of the Bible, he has successfully analyzed the problems in a consistent format. His work went further by covering what was happening in other kingdoms like the King of Lydia, the history of Asia and the Black Sea.

He serialized his books starting with edition one and covered all aspects of life in economics, geography, the military and anthropology. The research content in book five is on the Lonian Revolution between 499 and 494 BCE, while book six is ​​on the Persian defeat by the Athenians in 490 BCE in the Marathon region. His last books, which would have been produced in his last days, cover the voyage of exploration carried out between 480 BCE and 479 BC by Xerxes. He vividly captures the defeat of Xerxes by the Greeks and the consequences of the war.

In science, he explained the nature of the various aspects and phenomena. An example is the flooding of the Nile by melting snow despite the heat in Africa. He also reported on the huge ants that carried gold to the surface after digging the ground. These were established to be squirrels in the Desai Plateau, rich in gold, in Pakistan, which in fact came out with gold dust from their hibernating tunnels.

Critics of Herodotus’ work

Despite his great success in narrating chronicles of events, some authors find some fault in some of his publications. This is seen in cases where he relied on other people for information. Third parties are said to have distorted the true customs and events of the events, in particular in the second book devoted to the history of Egypt. The language barrier could also be another contributor to digression. Having no military training, he was unable to understand and accurately account for war operations. Nevertheless, modern philosophers and historians regard his work as the only analogy of events and data that makes us understand the ancient world.

Arab and Berber cultures go back several centuries in the history of the nation and largely define what we consider today as “Moroccan” lifestyles. The Berbers are the indigenous residents of Morocco. The Arab peoples arrived in the 12th century and conquered the country. As a result, they infiltrated all sectors of the country and controlled the political, cultural and social way of life of Moroccans. Today, the Arabs and the Berbers mix closely and bilingualism is a common characteristic of modern Morocco. The Jewish community played an important role in the economic life of Morocco until their number began to decrease. The other groups in Morocco are Europeans, Sub-Saharan Africans and Gnawa.

Historic village of Morocco

The native Berbers lived in Morocco more than two millennia before the Phoenicians colonized the country in the 8 ^th by 6 ^th centuries BC Before the 3 ^rd century BC, Carthage reigned over the coastal areas while the native monarchs ruled ‘countryside. In 40 AD, the Roman Empire annexed part of present-day Morocco. In the middle of the 5 ^th century AD, the Vandals invaded the country until the 6 ^th century when the Byzantine Empire took over. In the last phase of the 7 ^th century, the Muslim invasion of Morocco began. In the 8 ^thCentury AD, the Arabs conquered the country and the Umayyad caliphate ruled Morocco. The Arabs imposed their will on the cities, which then grew up under their patronage, as did the agricultural areas. Sedentary Berbers join the Arabs in search of protection against their nomadic homos. During the Berber revolution of 740, the country separated from the tyranny of the Caliphate of Baghdad after the Abbasids replaced the Umayyad Caliphate. However, half a century later, the Idrisid dynasty established the Moroccan state. When Idris’ son and heir died, Morocco dissolved into unimportant principalities. Tangier, the last territory was captured by the state of Cordoba in 929. From 1549 to 1659, the Saadi dynasties invaded and ruled Morocco. The Alaouites, the reigning dynasty of Morocco took power in 1667. Europeans settled in Morocco in the early 1900s. By 1912-1956, Morocco was colonized by French and Spanish administrations. The Arabs had the most influence on the cultural and demographic aspects of the country.

Arabs

The Arabs came to Morocco at the end of the 12th century, in the name of Allah and for the dissemination of Islamic teachings. The Arabs swept the Middle East and North Africa, spreading the religion in Morocco. After settling in, they assimilated the Berber community, formerly Christian, and converted it to Muslims. In the war on the Iberian Peninsula, the Arabs and the Berbers fought as Muslims. Today, most Moroccans identify with both Arabic and Berber. Only a few Arabs, especially the Shereefs, who date back to the Prophet Muhammad, claim to be pure Arabs.

Berbers

The Berbers are the indigenous peoples of Morocco. They have lived in Morocco for more than four millennia. They are called Amazigh and for centuries they fought the Roman, Arab and French invaders. The Berber language is more oral than written, although scripts as old as 2500 years containing their writing system are available. Before the Arab invasion, the Berbers were Christian or Jewish. When the Arabs settled in Morocco, they converted to Islam.

Gnawa

The Gnawa came from what was, in Antiquity, the Empire of Ghana of Ouagadougou, which reigned today over Senegal, Mauritania, Burkina Faso, The Gambia and 85% of Mali. The ethnic community has become an integral part of the Sufi order in the Maghreb, present-day Morocco. They adopted Islam but continued to practice possession, a kind of dance, during the rituals. Gnawa’s music mixes classical Islamic Sufism with pre-Islamic African traditions. In Moroccan culture, the Gnawa are considered experts in the treatment of psychological disorders, scorpion stings, the use of colors, scents, fear and the condensed cultural image.

Europeans

Europeans, also known as white Moroccans, are Moroccans of European origin, most often of Spanish descent. Europeans settled in Morocco under French and Spanish domination around 1912-1956. Before independence, more than half a million Europeans lived in Morocco. The European population represented almost half of the total population of Casablanca. After the country’s independence in 1956, the European population declined. Today, Europeans represent only 1% of the total population.

Jews

After the destruction of the First Temple in Jerusalem, many Jews emigrated to Morocco and settled among the Berbers. More Jews came to Morocco before and after the Alhambra Decree 1492. This second wave of immigrants deeply influenced the Moroccan Jewish community and soon they embraced the Andalusian Sephardic liturgy and the Moroccan Jews began to identify with the Sephardim. By the 1940s, the Jew had exceeded 250,000, but Operation Yachin reduced this population to about 5,000. Since that time, many Moroccan Jews have emigrated to Israel.

Sub-Saharan Africans

The inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa have emigrated to Morocco since antiquity. During the slave trade, Morocco’s position on the coast became a hub for Arab traders. In addition, some people may be fleeing drought and famine in the Sahel region when they arrived in Morocco. Today, the country’s proxy to European countries attracts many Sub-Saharan Africans who are eager to move on. However, strict immigration bans imprison many people in Morocco. The majority of Sub-Saharan Africans in Morocco come from South Africa, approximately 2,100 and Côte d’Ivoire with 1,800.

Relations between ethnic groups in Morocco

Since most Moroccans are Muslim, most of these people can interact and have mutual relationships as fellow Muslims. Generally there is peaceful coexistence between Muslim communities, regardless of their ethnic origin. However, there have been cases of discrimination against the black African community living in Morocco. The peoples of the southern Sahel region are often seen as less important communities. However, in recent years, the Moroccan government has decided to provide these Sub-Saharan Africans living in Morocco with more extensive citizenship rights.