Planet Earth is one of the unique planets in the solar system due to the presence of abundant water resources to support life. It may seem that the Earth consists of a single layer of a large solid rock. However, this is not true. The Earth is actually made up of several parts and layers, some of which are in constant motion. The Earth is divided into several layers, including the core, the mantle, the lithosphere and the crust. Each of the layers has unique properties. Here is a brief overview of the main layers of the Earth.

he crust

The crust is the outer layer of the Earth. It is the thinnest layer on earth compared to other layers. Its thickness varies from 5 km in the ocean floor to around 70 km on the earth’s surface. The crust is divided into huge plates that float in the next layer of the earth (the mantle). The plates move constantly but at a slow pace. When the plates rub against each other, earthquakes occur but when they collide, the mountains form. The theory behind plate movements is often called plate tectonics. The earth’s crust is made up of several elements, including oxygen, aluminum, silicon, calcium, iron, sodium, magnesium and potassium.

The coat

The mantle is under the crust and measures approximately 2,890 kilometers deep. It is by far the thickest layers and represents 85% of the volume of the Earth. The layer can be divided into upper and lower coats. The great pressure exerted on the lower mantle makes it completely solid while the upper mantle, also called the asthenosphere, is liquid and flows in the form of a convection current. The mantle is mainly made up of silicate rocks rich in iron and magnesium. Due to the intense heat, the silicon rocks rise. The rocks then cool and descend to the heart. Heating, cooling and sinking of the rocks is believed to be responsible for the tectonic movement.

The Core

The Earth’s core is divided into internal and external nuclei. The two cores are mainly made of iron and nickel. The difference between the inner core and the outer core is that the mineral in the inner core is solid while the outer core is liquid. The inner core is as hot as the sun but, due to the pressure of the weight of the earth, it cannot melt. However, the outer core has less pressure on it, which leads to the melting of minerals. The liquid moves slowly and is responsible for the earth’s magnetic field. The North and South poles also exist due to the liquid outer core.

Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. It is the most studied planet after Earth due to speculation that there may be water below the surface and its similarities to Earth. Mars is also known as the “red planet” because its surface is reddish in color. The surface consists of red rocks and a thick layer of oxidized iron dust.

Dusty March Crust

Mars is covered with dust because it lacks vegetation and water on the surface. The soil on the surface is composed of potassium, magnesium, sodium and chloride. The thickness of the crust is six to thirteen miles. There are no tectonic plates on Mar. The surface presents enormous volcanoes formed by successive eruptions millions of years ago.

Coat And Heart Of Mars

Evidence suggests that Mars is a dormant planet that has not erupted in millions of years. The planet’s mantle is dormant, unlike the Earth’s mantle which is constantly reforming. The mantle of Mars is made up of iron, magnesium, oxygen and silicon. Unlike the solid Earth’s mantle, Mars’ mantle is made up of soft rocks. The coat is between 770 and 1.170 thick. Mars has a solid core that has a diameter between 930 and 1,300. The nucleus is dormant and therefore has no magnetic field protecting the planet from space radiation. Instead, Mars produces sporadic field lines that have been dubbed “Christmas lights” because they are of no benefit to the planet.

Atmosphere And Water Of Mars

Liquid water cannot exist for long in March because it is too cold and the surface is bare. However, the physical characteristics of the surface suggest that at some point, water flowed to the surface. Water exists on the planet in the form of ice in the ground and patches of ice under the polar regions. The atmosphere is too thin to support life and also consists of 95% carbon dioxide. Mars experiences frequent giant dust devils that regularly push dust into the atmosphere. In some cases, dust storms completely or partially cover the planet. It frequently snows on the red planet, but snowflakes are made up of carbon dioxide. Snowflakes from the North Pole are larger and more frequent than those from the South Pole.

Life on Mars

Mars cannot support life as it exists on Earth. However, researchers find evidence to suggest that the planet could have been habitable in the past. The Curiosity Rover discovered elements crucial to the development of life and the presence of water led to think that life could polar regions.

What is Sufism?

Islam is one of the largest religions in the world and is also growing the fastest with a current rate of over X billion people. Muslims are divided into three main branches, including Sunnis, Shiites and Kharijites, which mainly depend on their origin. Muslims believe in one God, angels, the Koran and the Prophet Muhammad. They pray five times a day, give alms, fast during the holy month of Ramadan and make a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca as an act of worship. Another important aspect of Islam is the search for a direct personal experience of God practiced by all branches of Islam. This act of diverting the hearts of everyone except God is known as Sufism in Islam.

Sufism overview

Sufism is an inner mystical dimension of Islam practiced by different turuq, a congregation formed around mawla who trace their teachings to the prophet Muhammad. Turuq meet for spiritual sessions called majlis in places known as Zawiyas or tekke. The Sufi seeks to find a direct connection and a spiritual experience with God by diverting the heart from all things in the world and focusing entirely on God. The Sufi precepts can be traced from Muhammad to Ali who was his cousin and Naqshbandi who originated from Muhammad through the Caliph Rashid. The Sufis followed one of the four madhhabs of the Sunni Muslim and gained prominence among Muslims, attempting to fight worldliness at the start of the Umayyad Caliphate between 660 and 750.

The term Sufism comes from lists in the British East which wanted to separate what they found attractive in Islam from what they thought to be negative. However, Muslims have used the term Tasawwuf or Sufism to refer to the inner character of Islam supported by the external rituals of the religion such as sharia. Therefore, to be a Muslim, he must be a true Sufi. Sufism is not a sect within an Islamic religion, but a part of Islamic practice that focuses on self-purification. He focuses on more spiritual dimensions of religion and strives for direct encounter with God using emotional faculties through regular practices.

History and spread of Sufism

The Sufi orders are anchored on bayah or pledge of allegiance which would have been given to the prophet Muhammad by his companions (Sahabah). The Sahabah is committed to serving God by pledging allegiance to the Prophet. The first manuals containing Sufi doctrines and practices were written towards the end of the first millennium. Notable articles include Kashf al-Mahjub and Risala. Sufism produced a great culture in the Islamic world between the 12th and the 10th century. During this period, several places were endowed through the waqf to provide a suitable meeting place for the Sufi follower and accommodation for those seeking Sufi knowledge. The same endowments were used in constructions such as the famous Suleymaniye mosque in Istanbul. Sufism was essential to the growth and development of Islam and to the creation of several Islamic practices, especially in Africa and Asia. Sufism experts claim that the initial period of development of Sufism was linked to the internalization of Islam directly from the Qur’an, which was regularly recited, meditated and experienced. Sufism played an important role in the contact between Hinduism and Islam in India during the pilgrimage to the shrines of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, founder of the Chishtiyya order. More Hindus than Muslims were converted to Sufi practices during this period. Sufism experts claim that the initial period of development of Sufism was linked to the internalization of Islam directly from the Qur’an, which was regularly recited, meditated and experienced. Sufism played an important role in the contact between Hinduism and Islam in India during the pilgrimage to the shrines of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, founder of the Chishtiyya order. More Hindus than Muslims were converted to Sufi practices during this period. Sufism experts claim that the initial period of development of Sufism was linked to the internalization of Islam directly from the Qur’an, which was regularly recited, meditated and experienced. Sufism played an important role in the contact between Hinduism and Islam in India during the pilgrimage to the shrines of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, founder of the Chishtiyya order. More Hindus than Muslims were converted to Sufi practices during this period.

The conquest of South Asia by the Turks was accompanied by the Sufi mystic of the Chashtiyya order and spread its roots across India. The Suhrawardi order was introduced to India by Baha-Ud-din Zakariya of Multan. Naqshbandiyyah and Qadiriyyah are among the other Sufi orders introduced to India in the 12th and 10th centuries. The modern Sufi order is composed, among others, of the Ba’Alawiyya, Chishti, Khalwati, Naqshbandi and Sarwari Qadiri. Sufism is popular in countries like Morocco and Senegal while it is traditional in Morocco. Sufism is popular in Senegal because it can accommodate local cultures oriented towards the mystical. However, Sufism has suffered a setback in some countries of North Africa and among modernist Muslims who see it as a superstitious practice which hampers the progress of Islam in the field of technology and science. Among the main sufis, we can cite Abul Hasan Ash-Shadhil, who presented dhikr, Bayazid Bastami, Ibn Arabi and Mansur Al-Hallaj among other important sufis.

Sufism Goals

Sufism believes that one can enter the presence of God and embrace the divinity of the present life. The main objectives of Sufism are to seek to please God by constructing in itself the primitive state of the fitra, as the Koran emphasizes. In teaching, the Sufis believe that the passage of divine light passes from a teacher to the student through the heart rather than through material knowledge. Devotion to Muhammad is a specific goal and an exceptional practice among the Sufis. Muhammad is revered because of his spiritual greatness. In fact, the Sufis believe that Islam is the best religion because of the Prophet Muhammad, because he is supreme and master of greatness. Sufis also believe that sharia, tariqa and haqiqa are all independent.

Devotional practices of Sufism

The devotional practices of Sufism vary due to the recognized and authorized ways to reach spirituality. The requirement of the practice includes adherence to the Islamic pillars, while the seekers must also be rooted in the practices of the lifestyle of the Prophet Muhammad. The seeker must have the correct creed and hold his principles and turn away from sin and love for this world and obedience to satanic impulses. Dhikr (remembrance of Allah), Muraqaba (meditation), the Sufi whirlwind (active physical meditation) and visits are other devotional practices.

Persecution of the Sufis

Sufi persecution includes the destruction of their shrines and other places of worship, repression and discrimination in many parts of the Muslim world. In Pakistan, out of 200, Sufis were killed and 500 injured in 2005. Sufi ceremonial practices that accompany their worship were banned and shrines destroyed during the reign of Al-Shabab in Somalia. In 2010, Dhikr rallies were banned in Egypt while several Sufi religious sites in Libya were destroyed during the Libyan civil war. Iranian government considers total ban on Sufism with destruction of several Sufi places of worship

Herodotus was one of the greatest historians of his time. Born into a prominent family around 484 BCE, he had access to the best education unlike most of his peers. His parents, Lyxes and Dyro, and his brother Theodorus lived in the Persian Empire, now the Republic of Turkey, where the famous poet Panyassis also lived. Herodotus learned a lot about ancient Greek literature and developed an itinerant character who took him across the Middle East, to Asia Minor, to Babylon and to Egypt, making him acquire many knowledge on geography and history.

In 457 BCE, there was a conflict between his clan and the leaders of the time. This was largely contributed by the great knowledge of his extended family which led them to question the leadership style of the leaders of Halicarnassus. This led him to go into exile in the Samos Islands and later in Babylon, Greece and Asia. He finally returned to his native region and helped overthrow the kingdom of Halicarnassus, becoming a hero in his hometown. He traveled to Athens in Greece and participated in the affairs of this city by making him win two awards for the most illustrious man and the most eminent statesman, Pericles. In 443 BCE, he moved to Thurii in Italy where he produced important literary works which will never be forgotten.

Works of Herodotus

As the first intuitive writer, Herodotus wrote an exceptional piece known as “Inquiry”, which helped researchers understand the occurrences of ancient times. In his early years, he must have heard of the preparations of the Persian Empire to attack Greece and the training of the army under the officer Artemisia de Cariac, forming works for his first history books. The main source of information for Herodotus was personal encounters with events, other witnesses and oral traditions. Besides the authors of the Bible, he has successfully analyzed the problems in a consistent format. His work went further by covering what was happening in other kingdoms like the King of Lydia, the history of Asia and the Black Sea.

He serialized his books starting with edition one and covered all aspects of life in economics, geography, the military and anthropology. The research content in book five is on the Lonian Revolution between 499 and 494 BCE, while book six is ​​on the Persian defeat by the Athenians in 490 BCE in the Marathon region. His last books, which would have been produced in his last days, cover the voyage of exploration carried out between 480 BCE and 479 BC by Xerxes. He vividly captures the defeat of Xerxes by the Greeks and the consequences of the war.

In science, he explained the nature of the various aspects and phenomena. An example is the flooding of the Nile by melting snow despite the heat in Africa. He also reported on the huge ants that carried gold to the surface after digging the ground. These were established to be squirrels in the Desai Plateau, rich in gold, in Pakistan, which in fact came out with gold dust from their hibernating tunnels.

Critics of Herodotus’ work

Despite his great success in narrating chronicles of events, some authors find some fault in some of his publications. This is seen in cases where he relied on other people for information. Third parties are said to have distorted the true customs and events of the events, in particular in the second book devoted to the history of Egypt. The language barrier could also be another contributor to digression. Having no military training, he was unable to understand and accurately account for war operations. Nevertheless, modern philosophers and historians regard his work as the only analogy of events and data that makes us understand the ancient world.

Arab and Berber cultures go back several centuries in the history of the nation and largely define what we consider today as “Moroccan” lifestyles. The Berbers are the indigenous residents of Morocco. The Arab peoples arrived in the 12th century and conquered the country. As a result, they infiltrated all sectors of the country and controlled the political, cultural and social way of life of Moroccans. Today, the Arabs and the Berbers mix closely and bilingualism is a common characteristic of modern Morocco. The Jewish community played an important role in the economic life of Morocco until their number began to decrease. The other groups in Morocco are Europeans, Sub-Saharan Africans and Gnawa.

Historic village of Morocco

The native Berbers lived in Morocco more than two millennia before the Phoenicians colonized the country in the 8 ^th by 6 ^th centuries BC Before the 3 ^rd century BC, Carthage reigned over the coastal areas while the native monarchs ruled ‘countryside. In 40 AD, the Roman Empire annexed part of present-day Morocco. In the middle of the 5 ^th century AD, the Vandals invaded the country until the 6 ^th century when the Byzantine Empire took over. In the last phase of the 7 ^th century, the Muslim invasion of Morocco began. In the 8 ^thCentury AD, the Arabs conquered the country and the Umayyad caliphate ruled Morocco. The Arabs imposed their will on the cities, which then grew up under their patronage, as did the agricultural areas. Sedentary Berbers join the Arabs in search of protection against their nomadic homos. During the Berber revolution of 740, the country separated from the tyranny of the Caliphate of Baghdad after the Abbasids replaced the Umayyad Caliphate. However, half a century later, the Idrisid dynasty established the Moroccan state. When Idris’ son and heir died, Morocco dissolved into unimportant principalities. Tangier, the last territory was captured by the state of Cordoba in 929. From 1549 to 1659, the Saadi dynasties invaded and ruled Morocco. The Alaouites, the reigning dynasty of Morocco took power in 1667. Europeans settled in Morocco in the early 1900s. By 1912-1956, Morocco was colonized by French and Spanish administrations. The Arabs had the most influence on the cultural and demographic aspects of the country.

Arabs

The Arabs came to Morocco at the end of the 12th century, in the name of Allah and for the dissemination of Islamic teachings. The Arabs swept the Middle East and North Africa, spreading the religion in Morocco. After settling in, they assimilated the Berber community, formerly Christian, and converted it to Muslims. In the war on the Iberian Peninsula, the Arabs and the Berbers fought as Muslims. Today, most Moroccans identify with both Arabic and Berber. Only a few Arabs, especially the Shereefs, who date back to the Prophet Muhammad, claim to be pure Arabs.

Berbers

The Berbers are the indigenous peoples of Morocco. They have lived in Morocco for more than four millennia. They are called Amazigh and for centuries they fought the Roman, Arab and French invaders. The Berber language is more oral than written, although scripts as old as 2500 years containing their writing system are available. Before the Arab invasion, the Berbers were Christian or Jewish. When the Arabs settled in Morocco, they converted to Islam.

Gnawa

The Gnawa came from what was, in Antiquity, the Empire of Ghana of Ouagadougou, which reigned today over Senegal, Mauritania, Burkina Faso, The Gambia and 85% of Mali. The ethnic community has become an integral part of the Sufi order in the Maghreb, present-day Morocco. They adopted Islam but continued to practice possession, a kind of dance, during the rituals. Gnawa’s music mixes classical Islamic Sufism with pre-Islamic African traditions. In Moroccan culture, the Gnawa are considered experts in the treatment of psychological disorders, scorpion stings, the use of colors, scents, fear and the condensed cultural image.

Europeans

Europeans, also known as white Moroccans, are Moroccans of European origin, most often of Spanish descent. Europeans settled in Morocco under French and Spanish domination around 1912-1956. Before independence, more than half a million Europeans lived in Morocco. The European population represented almost half of the total population of Casablanca. After the country’s independence in 1956, the European population declined. Today, Europeans represent only 1% of the total population.

Jews

After the destruction of the First Temple in Jerusalem, many Jews emigrated to Morocco and settled among the Berbers. More Jews came to Morocco before and after the Alhambra Decree 1492. This second wave of immigrants deeply influenced the Moroccan Jewish community and soon they embraced the Andalusian Sephardic liturgy and the Moroccan Jews began to identify with the Sephardim. By the 1940s, the Jew had exceeded 250,000, but Operation Yachin reduced this population to about 5,000. Since that time, many Moroccan Jews have emigrated to Israel.

Sub-Saharan Africans

The inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa have emigrated to Morocco since antiquity. During the slave trade, Morocco’s position on the coast became a hub for Arab traders. In addition, some people may be fleeing drought and famine in the Sahel region when they arrived in Morocco. Today, the country’s proxy to European countries attracts many Sub-Saharan Africans who are eager to move on. However, strict immigration bans imprison many people in Morocco. The majority of Sub-Saharan Africans in Morocco come from South Africa, approximately 2,100 and Côte d’Ivoire with 1,800.

Relations between ethnic groups in Morocco

Since most Moroccans are Muslim, most of these people can interact and have mutual relationships as fellow Muslims. Generally there is peaceful coexistence between Muslim communities, regardless of their ethnic origin. However, there have been cases of discrimination against the black African community living in Morocco. The peoples of the southern Sahel region are often seen as less important communities. However, in recent years, the Moroccan government has decided to provide these Sub-Saharan Africans living in Morocco with more extensive citizenship rights.

When it comes to climate change, we often think of the cars we drive and the energy we use in our homes and offices as the main culprits. When you eat burgers or salmon, we don’t always see the environmental impact of these foods on the planet.

However, the bad news is that agriculture has a huge impact on the production of greenhouse gases. In fact, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, greenhouse gases produced by agriculture are currently increasing. When it comes to food production, not all products are created equal. The following foods should be avoided by anyone looking to reduce their carbon footprint.

10. Almond milk

Almond milk is one of the most sought after alternative dairy products. However, for all of its health benefits, its impact on the environment has been heavy. Over 80% of the world’s almonds come from California, which recently experienced a terrible drought. Each plant requires about five liters of water to develop. In addition, 100 liters of water are also required to produce 100 ml of almond milk. This creates a high demand for water, forcing farmers to drill wells, which are known to affect bridges, roads, irrigation canals and trigger earthquakes whose effects are damaging to the environment.

9. Beef

Animal agriculture contributes around 14.5% of the world’s greenhouse gases, 65% of which comes from beef and dairy cows. The Natural Resources Defense Council of the United States estimates that each kilogram of beef produced emits about 27 kg of carbon dioxide. By adding the amount of beef consumed per day around the world, this means that beef has a considerable carbon footprint. In addition, cows produce methane, which is classified as a harmful greenhouse gas. In many countries, deforestation is huge in order to clear the land for more livestock, which reduces the use of greenhouse gases that have caused climate change.

8. lamb

Lamb, like cattle in agriculture, contributes to climate change with each kg of lamb meat contributing to carbon emissions 22.9. The production of red meat requires a lot of resources because it requires a large amount of animal feed (mainly corn and soybeans). Synthetic fertilizers and manure used to grow corn and soybeans emit nitrous oxide, a climate pollutant that is 298 times more powerful than carbon dioxide.

7. Cheese

Cheese is also known as a major contributor to carbon dioxide. First of all, it comes from cows that emit methane. Second, refrigerate and transport. Only part of the cheese on the market is imported, but it contributes to half of carbon emissions. Cheese production consumes a lot of energy due to the many processes involved in separating raw milk from low-fat cream, which is then pasteurized, cooled, matured and churned. In addition, refrigeration and transport of cheese are also very energy-consuming, requiring more energy, which is harmful to the environment.

6. Rice

Rice fields are the main source of methane on earth. As the second most commonly produced and demanded staple in the world, rice production is largely responsible for the rising temperatures caused by methane. The microorganisms that produce carbon monoxide produce methane in the rice fields. Increased carbon dioxide levels boost rice yields, but increase methane emissions to some extent. As a result, the amount of methane produced per kilogram of rice will increase, which will cause temperatures near the rice fields to rise. Global demand for rice is increasing, which, combined with a growing world population, means that the amount of methane emissions from growing rice will increase over time.

5. white bread

We all know that whole grain bread and wheat bread are healthier than white bread. The production of white bread requires the pure refining of wheat flour through a series of alteration processes which consume a lot of energy. The processes require intensive refining which consumes more energy resources and has a greater negative impact on the planet. Pollution from plastic packaging is also a growing concern.

4 eggs

The production of an egg uses approximately 4.8 kg of carbon dioxide. Most of the emissions associated with eggs come from the production of chicken feed, energy consumption on the farm, nitrous oxide gas produced by poultry litter, and the burning of fuel during cooking. In addition, the increase in the number of cage houses for chicken leads to an increase in the production of ammonia, in particular from manure.

3. Tuna

Tuna has long been the victim of overfishing in waters around the world. Fishing and consuming endangered tuna species only accelerates the extinction of ocean species. The methods used by large commercial fishing vessels to catch tuna threaten their numbers, resulting in the death of countless species and other types of marine life trapped in fishing vessels.

2. Salmon

Salmon is rich in omega 3, highly recommended by health experts. However, salmon farming is one of the most destructive aquaculture systems. Aquaculture practices require the use of open mesh cages directly discharged into the ocean, waste from farms, chemicals and disease-causing parasites are discharged directly into ocean waters, threatening other marine species. In addition, the practice has resulted in the depletion of wild fish stocks due to the high protein content necessary for salmon

1. chicken

You are not doing the environment justice by eating chicken. Poultry farming is a major cause of environmental degradation in the United States. First, the 10 billion birds are slaughtered each year in the United States, resulting in environmental pollution from carcasses. Thousands of birds are overcrowded in exceptionally small areas, resulting in a dirty, unpleasant and disease-infested environment due to the harmful confinement of living creatures in small spaces.

5. Where is Rome located? –

The historic city of Rome is located in the west-central part of the Italian peninsula, on the banks of the Tiber, in the Lazio region of Italy. The city is the capital of Italy and also its largest and most populous metropolis, welcoming millions of inhabitants 2.9 in an area of ​​1,285 km2. The Vatican City, a country, is located within Rome, making it the only example of a country in a city.

4. Climate of Rome –

The Mediterranean climate prevails in Rome, characterized by hot, dry summers and cold, wet winters. During the hottest months of July and August, the average daytime temperature is 30 ° C while at night it is 18 ° C. In the coldest winter month of winter, the daytime average temperature is 12 ° C and the nighttime temperature is 3 ° C. Heavy snowfall is extremely rare, but light snowfall occurs almost every winter. However, it is rare for snow accumulation on the ground to occur frequently. The pleasant climate of Rome favors a strong tourist frequentation in the city throughout the year.

3. The Tiber Of Rome –

The Tiber is a historic river in Europe, famous for the city of Rome located on its banks. The Tiber is the second longest river in the country after the Po river. The river originates from the slope of Monte Fumaiolo from where it flows for km 405 in a generally south direction and empties into the Tyrrhenian Sea near Ostia Antica. According to some ancient authors, the Tiber was originally known as the Albula, but it was renamed Tiberis after a king of Alba Longa, King Tiberius, died by drowning in the river. The river played a vital role in the birth and expansion of the city of Rome, as will be explained in the sections below. Another river, the Aniene, also flows through Rome. The river joins the Tiber north of the historic center of the city.

2. Geography of ancient Rome and origin of Roman civilization –

Historians believe that Rome was founded on a group of seven hills located in the present region of Lazio in Italy. These hills, named Aventine, Caelian, Capitoline, Esquiline, Palatine, Quirinal and Viminal, are located on the eastern bank of the Tiber, in the heart of the city of Rome. Small village-style settlements are said to have grown on the peaks of these seven hills, but at first these settlements were neither organized nor unified into a single entity. The city was probably founded by Romulus on the Palatine Hill and, little by little, the inhabitants of the seven hills came together to share common interests and solve common problems, thus giving shape to the ancient city of Rome. Thus, the aggregation of these agglomerations paved the way for the transformation of a proto-urban scene in an urban situation. The increase in agricultural productivity and the intensification of commercial activities probably stimulated the growth of the city.

1. How did the geography of Rome affect its expansion? –

The geography of a place often plays a big role in the growth of establishments in the place. This fact is no different for Rome where the geography of Rome had a major impact on its expansion. The city’s elevated location at the top of the seven hills provided residents with a sense of protection and also protected people from flooding. All the major cities of the world developed on the banks of the great rivers, just like Rome. The waters of the Tiber met the water needs of the people of the region. The river also facilitated irrigation and navigation. It linked Rome to the Mediterranean Sea and thus provided an easy trade route between Rome and other parts of Europe and the world.

Luxury homes make some people dream. These homes are known to be in the best location that a city has to offer. Only the highest quality materials are used to finish luxury homes and no detail is left out. A luxury home can include amenities such as a spa, games room, movie theater, or indoor pool, and maintaining the resident’s privacy is of the utmost importance in its design. Such features come at a high price, and in some places the price is higher than in others.

This article takes a closer look at the 10 most expensive cities in the world for buying luxury homes, according to the Prime Global Citizen Index for 2017. This index compares the cost of luxury homes in 41 cities, as well as the price increases over periods 3, 6 and 12. For reference, the increase in the average price between June 2016 and June 2017 was 4.4%.

1 Melbourne, Australia

Melbourne, Australia is the most expensive city in the world for luxury homes. This urban area, the second most populous, is also known to have one of the highest costs of living in the country. According to statistics, the price of luxury homes does not seem to be intended to drop rapidly. For the period of 10 between December 6 and June 2016, the average cost of luxury residences increased by 2017% in Melbourne. A slightly lower increase of 4.8% was observed between March and June from 3.3. The annual average was, however, a 2017% increase.

2. Cape Town, South Africa

The most expensive city in the world for luxury homes is Cape Town, South Africa. The most expensive area in this city is Clifton, where you can find a large number of luxury homes. The average house price in Clifton is around $ X million. The cost of luxury properties in this city continues to grow, with an average annual increase of 9% between June 2.53 and June 9.2.

3. Berlin, Germany

Berlin, the capital and the most populous city in Germany, is the most expensive city for the purchase of luxury houses. We have known for a long time that this city has high property prices. In fact, the country’s most expensive luxury apartment (per square foot) was sold in Berlin in 8 at just over $ 2016 per square foot. Those looking for a luxury home in Berlin should not expect relief anytime soon. The prices of luxury houses increased in this city by 2.100% between June 9.7 and June 2016. In just 2017 between December 6 and June 2016, the increase was recorded at 2017%.

4. Madrid, Spain

Madrid, the capital of Spain and one of the most populous cities in the European Union, is the most expensive city in the world for the luxury home market. Real estate investors viewed this city as a relatively stable investment location during the recent global economic crisis and, as a result, the number of luxury homes sold increased by 7% in 25. The most expensive neighborhoods in Madrid are: Salamanca, Chamberi and Jeronimo. The high demand for these houses influenced the average purchase price, which increased in 2015 between June 10.7 and June 2016.

5. Sydney, Australia

Sydney has the largest population in Australia and is the capital of the state of New South Wales. This city is known for its high real estate prices. In fact, a simple patch of undeveloped land was considered more expensive than a completed luxury home in Brisbane. Between 2014 and 2015, prices for the entire Sydney property market increased by 13.7%, partly due to high demand and insufficient supply. This increase is no exception in the luxury market, where the average cost of housing rose 11.5% between June 2016 and June 2017.

6 Beijing, China

Beijing, the capital of China, has one of the most expensive property prices in the world, compared to average household income. This city has seen a dramatic increase in the average price of homes in the past 7 years, an astonishing feat for a place where the real estate market was previously thought to be non-existent. Between June 2016 and June 2017, the price of luxury homes in this city increased by 15%. Although this percentage is quite high, it actually represents a decrease compared to previous years, where the strongest annual growth was recorded at 22.9%.

The government and property developers have focused on reducing the construction of luxury homes in this city. In the third quarter of 2016, the city did not report any newly constructed luxury apartments. The housing supply remained unchanged during this period, indicating a possible slowdown in demand.

7 Shanghai, China

Shanghai, China is the 4 most expensive site for buying luxury homes. The trend is similar to that observed in Beijing. In other words, prices continue to rise, but at much lower percentages than in previous years. The increase in the prices of luxury real estate in this city has been greater than that of Beijing. Between June 2016 and June 2017, Shanghai experienced an increase of 19.7%.

8. Seoul, South Korea

Seoul, the capital of South Korea, takes 3rd place on this list due to the very sharp increase in prices for luxury homes. The annual average between June and June of 2016 increased at the rate of 2017%. Like other Asian cities, this percentage increase, although high, actually represents a slowdown in prices for luxury homes. This slowdown is partly explained by the fact that the city has an abundance of housing on the market and that the government has recently implemented more stringent guidelines for loans and mortgages.

9. Toronto, Canada

Toronto, Canada is the only city on this list located in North America. The prices of luxury real estate in this city increased by 20.7% between June 2016 and June 2017. Despite this above-average increase, sales of luxury homes in Toronto have not slowed. Instead, sales of luxury homes, with price tags of 4 million or more, almost doubled between January and June of 2017.

10. Guangzhou, China

The biggest increase in the price of luxury homes was reported in Guangzhou, the third most populous city in China. In this city, the cost of luxury real estate increased by a breathtaking 35.6%. Construction of these homes continues at an above average speed, with no signs of slowing down.