The first half of 2018 saw dramatic fluctuations in the prices of gasoline and diesel. Fuel prices have steadily increased; a situation that has been observed not only in Europe but worldwide. These fuel fluctuations result from variations in the world market and the erratic nature of exchange rates. Europe has particularly experienced significant price changes, with the Netherlands leading the list of countries with the most expensive fuel in Europe.

The most expensive fuel in Europe

Netherlands

Dutch motorists have faced increasing fuel prices. Between March and June, 2018, gasoline prices increased steadily to a maximum of 1.98 on May 28. A liter of gasoline sold at 1.94 in June, while diesel sold at a price of 25 per liter on the same day. The average price of gasoline at that time was $ 1.59 per liter. Petroleum product taxes explain the costly trips to fuel pumps across the country.

Italy

Fuel prices in Italy are high for both diesel and petrol. Gas pumps posted the highest price in June The 11th sold a liter of gasoline at 1.93 and diesel at 1.79. High taxation also influences fuel prices in Italy. However, these high fuel prices are also linked to the Italian love for vehicles. World Bank data shows the number of cars in the country at 682 for every 1,000 people. These statistics explain the high demand for fuel and the fact that Italy is one of the main manufacturers of vehicles with high fuel consumption does not help to counter demand.

Greece

Greece is among the top ten countries where fuel prices have been the highest in Europe for more than ten years. The highest price recorded in the first six months was 1.94 per liter of petrol and 1.67 per liter for diesel. The disparity in the cost of diesel and gasoline is linked to demand. Greece has a significantly higher demand for petrol than diesel. The taxation of petroleum products has made some Greeks unable to use their cars repeatedly.

Denmark

The Danish market saw fuel prices rise to a high of 1.92 per liter of gasoline and 1.70. The cost of living in Denmark is generally high and owning a vehicle is almost impossible, so there are not many motorists. The demand for gasoline is lower than that of other countries. This fact, combined with the high taxes levied on petroleum products, has forced petroleum companies to raise their prices to achieve their profit targets.

Comparative data

The UK has reported more favorable fuel prices than France, whose pump prices increased in the second quarter of 2018. Sweden, Portugal, Finland and Ireland rank first list of countries with high fuel prices, all with prices above $ 1.75. Some European countries use the taxes levied on fuel prices to reduce the environmental impact of petroleum products. Norway has been cited as intending to ban gasoline cars by the year 2025. The cost of fuel in Norway is therefore also very high.

European countries with the most expensive fuel

Mummies are deceased humans or other organisms whose organs and skin have been preserved intentionally or unintentionally, exposing them to very low humidity, chemicals, lack of air, or extreme cold . Mummies have been discovered on almost every continent, either as a result of natural preservation through the use of rare conditions, or as cultural artifacts. 

The mummies found in Egypt date back several centuries because the Egyptians learned the art and science of mummification.

you will learn in below article following points:

Famous Egyptian Mummies

7 Steps of Mummification

Who Invented Mummification ?

How were mummies made ?

what are mummies Wrapped In ?

Also Read: Top 10 Amazing and Wonderful Bridges in the World

Why did the Egyptians preserve their dead like mummies?

In ancient Egypt, the first mummies were created naturally due to the environment in which they were buried. Before the 3500 BCE era, the Egyptians had no interest in social class, so they buried all of their dead in shallow pits. By burying their dead in shallow pits, the hot desert weather and dry sand helped dehydrate the corpses and leave room for natural mummification.

ALSO READ: The Seven Wonder of the Ancient World

Ancient Egyptian religion made natural preservation of the dead as an integral part of their culture and rituals as early as 3400 BC. It symbolized and ensuring that the dead live well in the afterlife. Over time, this cultural hierarchy has seen the creation of sophisticated graves and embalming methods.

Most Interesting: 25 Mysterious but forbidden places to visit

Even though scientists were not able to correctly describe the mummification process through the use of modern technology, they were able to discover new information about the methods used in.mummification. 

A good example is the series of CT scans performed on a 2,400-year-old mummy. In 2008, a tool was discovered left in the cranial cavities of the mummy’s skull.

Also Read: Richest People in the World 2020 list

Tutankhamun was an Egyptian pharaoh who ruled between 1332-1323 BC according to conventional chronology. King Tut was from the 18th dynasty which ruled during the period of the new kingdom. 

In 1922, Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter discovered the almost intact tomb of King Tut who received world press coverage. For this reason, the tomb sparked a new public interest in ancient Egypt and the mask of Tutankhamun and remains a popular symbol in the Egyptian museum.

Also Interesting: World’s Largest Religion 2020 list

Ramesses I

Ramses I was the founding pharaoh of the 19th dynasty of ancient Egypt. He ruled from 1292 to 1290BC and his short reign marked Egypt’s transition from stabilization in the last 18th dynasty to the rule of powerful pharaohs. The mummy of Ramses I was discovered in 1817 but was later stolen by the family of grave robbers from Abu-Rasul. The mummy is believed to have been exhibited in a museum in Canada for many years before being discovered and repatriated to Egypt.

Hatshepsut

Hatshepsut was the fifth pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt. Historically, she is confirmed to be the second pharaoh woman. Hatshepsut has reigned longer than any other female pharaoh and is known to be one of the most successful pharaohs. The year of the discovery of the tomb of Hatshepsut remains unknown to this day.

Ramses II

Ramses II, also known as Ramses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the 12th Egyptian Dynasty. Ramses II is known to have been the greatest and most famous pharaoh of the Egyptian empire. The tomb of Ramses was discovered at 19, in the Valley of the Kings, in an unusual place that was previously and periodically damaged by flash floods.

Other remarkable pharaoh mummies

Over 53 notable Egyptian mummies have been discovered so far. Throughout history there have been numerous finds of tombs containing some of the most remarkable mummies from ancient Egypt. Some Egyptian mummies have been found to be remarkably intact, while others have been ravaged by grave robbers or natural hazards.

Famous Egyptian Mummies

7 Steps of Mummification

Who Invented Mummification ?

How were mummies made ?

what are mummies Wrapped In ?

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The Countries Of!

Lung cancer is defined by the rapid virulent growth of cells in an individual’s lungs. This condition is further aggravated if left untreated. The metastasis could then spread by spreading the growth of the cancer into neighboring tissues until it reaches an incurable stage. The main cause or cause of this disease is long-term smoking. Environmental factors such as exposure to asbestos, radon gas, air pollution and secondhand smoke also trigger the disease. Genetic factors may also play a role in an individual’s susceptibility to the disease. Treatment options depend on the type and level of cancer.

Countries with the highest cancer rates

The prevalence of lung cancer in men in some countries has been attributed to many factors such as smoking, the environment and genetics. Three types of cancer are identified with these factors: carcinoid lung tumor, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. The prognosis for treatment depends on the correct identification of the type of cancer. Current treatments include chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery. Recovery depends on the health of the individual and the tolerance to side effects of the treatment method used.

Smoking is estimated to be responsible for 85% of all types of lung cancer and is the highest among Hungarian men in Hungary at around 76.6% at age-standardized rate per 100,000 (world). It also has the highest consumption of cigarettes per capita in the world. Armenia has the second highest rate of lung cancer in men in the world at 72.9%. Armenian men also smoke cigarettes at a higher rate. FYR Macedonia is third with 71.3% of its men diagnosed with lung cancer. He also has a high consumption of tobacco. Serbia is fourth with around 70.3% of people with lung cancer among its male population. Half of its male population smokes cigarettes. Turkey is fifth with around 63. 9% of its male population diagnosed with lung cancer. As of 2016, his social security agency refused to pay for treatments for lung cancer. Montenegro is sixth with approximately 62.4% of its men in its population diagnosed with lung cancer. Statistics also show that these countries rank first for lung cancer in men: Poland (60.5%), Kazakhstan (59.2%), Romania (58.8%) and Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of (58.5%).

Lung cancer symptoms and statistics

Some studies have shown a ban on smoking and a proper diet to reduce the risk of lung cancer, although no direct correlation has been proven. The American Cancer Society recently released its cancer facts for 2016. It shows that newly diagnosed cancers have reached a total of 1,685,210 cases in the United States alone, with cancer deaths reaching approximately 595,690 people.

People with lung cancer have difficulty managing their daily routine because of the symptoms that accompany their condition. Wheezing, coughing, frequent mucus and shortness of breath make their lives difficult. Treatment options, such as chemotherapy, cause intolerable side effects that are well known to many knowledgeable people. Continued medical and hospital costs also add to the patient’s next of kin or family. Quitting smoking completely is the only way to prevent lung cancer today. The diagnosis of lung cancer always comes too late because the disease is only detected in its later stages.

Countries with the highest rates of lung cancer in men

Istanbul, formerly Constantinople and Byzantium, is a transcontinental city in Eurasia (Europe and Asia) which dates back to 660 BCE. Although not the capital, Istanbul is the cultural, economic and historical center of Turkey and the most populous city in the country. Istanbul is a historic city that continues to honor and preserve its heritage as the ancient capital of three empires: Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Empire. In addition to the historic heritage of the city, it also offers modern facilities and continues to project future developments.

Geography

Istanbul spans the Bosphorus Strait, between the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Marmara. The Bosphorus Strait separates Europe and Asia and connects the Black Sea to the Sea of ​​Marmara. The European part of the city, Thrace, is the economic and historic center, while Anatolia is the Asian part of the city. Nationally, the city is located in the Marmara region in northwestern Turkey, and covers an area of ​​2,063 square miles. Istanbul is close to the border of the Eurasian and African plates, near the North Anatolian fault, responsible for many earthquakes during the history of Istanbul.

City architecture

Istanbul has several examples of historic Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman architecture, and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The building of this city serves as a chronology representing the different cultures and empires that have lived in the region. The Dolmabahçe Palace, used during the Ottoman Empire, serves as the seat of government. Another historic building, the Topkapi Palace, built in the 15th century, is now a museum. The remaining Roman architecture includes the obelisk (fourth century) and the column of Constantine (330 CE). Examples of Byzantine architecture include the Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus, Stoudios Monastery, Chora Church, Pammakaristos Church and Hagia Sophia. Among the examples of Ottoman architecture,

Demography

As of 2015, Istanbul had a population of 14,657,434, with approximately 98% of the metropolitan area residents living within the city limits. 65% of the population lives on the European side of the city and the rest lives in Asia. The city’s population is growing at 3.45% per year, a figure that reflects the rate of urbanization in Turkey. Only 28% of city dwellers are from Istanbul. The majority of the population is Muslim, especially Sunni Islam, while the largest Christian denomination is Eastern Orthodoxy. There are many ethnic minorities, the largest being the Kurds, who have between two and three million inhabitants. Bosnians, Jews and Levantines are other important immigrant groups.

Weather

Due to the city’s location in a climate transition zone, the Koppen classification indicates that Istanbul has a borderline humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ), Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) and oceanic climate ( Cfb). The city’s climate is further complicated by the existence of several microclimates because the city has coasts on two unique bodies of water. Parts of the north side of the city indicate climates characteristic of humid oceanic and subtropical climates. Due to this high humidity, fog is common in the morning. The southern part is relatively drier, warmer and less humid. Rainfall is also higher in the northern part, which receives 1166.6 mm each year, while the southern part of the city receives an average annual rainfall of 635.0 mm.

There are roads in the world with the highest mortality rates and are classified as the most dangerous. Worldwide, there are around 1.3 million road deaths each year and WHO has called 2011 for 2021 a decade of action for road safety. While careful driving can prevent most fatalities, there are roads that test the bravery and skill of any driver as they have hairpin turns and some are breathtaking because they are carved from the body. side of the mountain.

10. A44, UK –

The A44 is a two-lane highway running from Oxford to Aberystwyth and is considered to be one of the most dangerous roads in the world due to fatal injuries and road accidents. More than 25% of the accidents are head-on collisions and the government has installed surveillance cameras to prevent speeding and thus encourage safe driving.

9. Luxor-al-Hurghada Road, Egypt –

The road to Luxor in Egypt crosses the southern part of the country connecting the south to the ancient city of Luxor. The road has become a deadly trap for drivers who do not turn on their headlights after sunset, marking the start of fatal accidents in the country that has established itself as one of the most dangerous roads in the world.

8. Cotopaxi Volcano, Ecuador –

Ecuador has some of the poorest road networks in the world, but the Cotopaxi volcano route is the most famous. A section of Highway 25 connects the Pan American Highway and the Cotopaxi Volcano National Park by crossing a fast moving river. The Cotopaxi volcano is still active and numerous eruptions have taken place in the past. The road with so many potholes and the rivers that experience flash floods every time it rains makes the road one of the most dangerous in the world.

7. Coastal routes, Croatia –

Croatia has one of the highest road accidents in the world, with an annual average of 11,650 road accidents. Speeding and congestion on the Adriatic coast roads, associated with blind turns, falling cliffs and tight turns. There is also a lack of railings on the road, making it one of the most dangerous roads in the world.

6. Zoji La Pass, India –

Zoji La Pass is a road in India connecting Kashmir and Ladakh. The road is a mountain pass with an altitude of 3,528 meters above sea level in the Himalayan mountain range. It is one of the most dangerous roads in the world because it is narrow, has no barriers and experiences heavy snowfall and strong winds. The road is often closed in winter. There were numerous landslides on the road and, in 2009, 350 people who were stranded were rescued by the police.

5. Pan American Highway, Costa Rica –

The Pan American Highway is the longest motorized highway in the world, stretching from North America to South America and covering almost 30,000 miles. Only a small part of this route crosses Costa Rica. This part of the road in Costa Rica has claimed the name of the most dangerous road, locally called the hill of death. This road has steep cliffs, narrow curves, landslides and flash floods.

4. National Highway 22, India –

National highway 22 in India spans 459 km and is one of the most dangerous roads in the world. The road is characterized by heavy traffic, poor bridges and tunnels and dangerous cliffs. The road is narrow, poorly maintained and has many hairpin bends combined with heavy traffic all year round, making it a nightmare to drive on the road.

3. BR-116, Brazil –

BR-116 is a federal highway in Brazil nicknamed the highway to hell. The route runs from north to south of Brazil and is one of the longest in the country. The road has many blind spots, unstable weather conditions in the area and steep cliffs are some of the factors that cause several deaths along the road each year.

2. Sichuan-Tibet Road, China –

The Sichuan-Tibet highway is a road between Tibet and Chengdu and, inside the area, there are rock avalanches, adverse weather conditions and landslides because they are at altitude. All these factors contribute to making the road one of the most dangerous in the world. It is estimated that there are 7,500 deaths for every 100,000 pilot.

1. The Northern Yungas Route, Bolivia –

The road is in Bolivia and was built by prisoners of war from Paraguay in 1930, which stretches for kilometers roughly north of Bolivia. The road is not paved, has no railings and has sharp hairpin curves and, just off the road, is a 40 foot drop cliff. The local road is known as the way of death, and over 3000 travelers die every year on the road.

Estimates show that around X million people on Earth live on islands. Due to their isolation, the islands generally offer a unique environment as they tend to be centers of biodiversity with rare flora and species. It is estimated that Sweden has more islands than any other country in the world . The other countries with the most islands are described below:

10. Thailand – 1.430

Thailand has 1,430 islands located both in the Gulf of Thailand (located mainly near the coast) and in the Andaman Sea. Although most of the islands are uninhabited, some are tourist attractions. Like the Greek islands, the Thai islands are grouped as Mu Ko Chang National Park, with its 52 islands, Phang Nga Bay, with its 67 islands, and Mu Ko Ang Thong National Park, with its 42 islands. In the local language, the word Ko means an island. Most of the islands in Thailand offer a variety of tourist services, including accommodation and travel arrangements.

9. Greece – ~ 6,000

The sources of difference place the number of islands in Greece between 1,600 and 6,000 depending on the minimum size of these sources. Of the total number, more than 166 have permanent settlements. Crete is the largest Greek island in the region, followed by Evia, Lesbos and Rhodes. All the islands are in different groups, namely the Aegean Islands off the west coast of Turkey, the Argo-Saronic Islands near Athens, the Cyclades in the center of the Aegean Sea, the Dodecanese near Turkey and the Ionian Islands. The Ionian Sea Islands The Ionian Islands have the best sandy beaches, while the Delos Islands are best for history and culture as it is the birthplace of Apollo. Most of the Greek islands offer a unique experience to tourists.

8. United Kingdom – 6.289

The United Kingdom is an island separated from continental Europe by the North Sea and the English Channel. Including all the overseas territories, there are 6,289 islands throughout the United Kingdom, most of which are in Scotland. Notable islands include Skye, Orkney, Fair Isle, Lindisfarne, Mersea, Isle of Wight, Herm, Anglesey, Lundy and Bryher.

7. Japan – 6.853

Japan is an archipelago that spans 1,869 miles of 6,853 islands of which more than 430 have inhabitants. The four main islands include Honshu (which is the largest and the capital of Tokyo), Hokkaido, Shikoku and Kyushu. While most are natural, there are also a few artificial islands. Each of the inhabited islands of Japan has a unique culture and biodiversity, while the uninhabited islands are home to thousands of plant and animal species, including endangered species. The Japanese islands are ideal for research and expedition, as well as fishing grounds. Each year there are around 1,500 nationwide. Four-fifths of Japan is heavily forested and mountainous, with 200 volcanoes, making it difficult to expand the colonies,

6. The Philippines – 7.107

The Philippines is a tropical country located in maritime Southeast Asia. Many of its 7,107 islands are popular among tourists for their beautiful beaches and turquoise waters. The largest island in the Philippines is Luzon, which is also its most populous island. The largest city in Luçon is Quezon City.

5. Australia – 8.222

According to Tourism Australia, the country has 8,000 islands. The actual number is estimated at 8,222. Of these, the 3,747 islands are found in Western Australia, 1,955 in Queensland, 1,000 in Tasmania, 887 in the Northern Territory and 346 in southern Australia. Melvin Island is the largest of the islands. Australia boasts of various wild species including kangaroos and duck-billed platypus. Other attractions include the Great Barrier Reef, lakes, forests and the vast desert.

4. Indonesia – 17.508

The Republic of Indonesia is an archipelago mainly composed of volcanic islands located in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. The CIA World Factbook estimates that there are 17,508 islands in the country. Indonesia is the largest country in the world by area. The main Indonesian islands include the Malaku and Sunda island groups. The Sunda Islands are home to the island of Java on which the capital, Jakarta, is located. The Indonesian islands are popular for their unique beaches, volcanoes, prehistoric artefacts, limestone cliffs and rich wildlife, including forests, elephants, tigers and many more. Indonesian wildlife and culture make it one of the main tourist destinations on the planet.

3. Canada – 52,455

According to Statistics Canada, Canada has 52,455 islands within its borders. The largest of these is Baffin Island, which covers 195,927.93 square kilometers. Around the 30,000 islands is Georgian Bay, making it one of the largest freshwater archipelagos. In total, the 1,864 islands are located in the St. Lawrence River. Canada has named 129 island groups and 1,016 islets of which 250 are uninhabited. Of this total, seventeen islands have more than square kilometers in area. North of the Canadian mainland is the Canadian archipelago in which the Queen Elizabeth and Manitoulin Islands are located. Manitoulin Island is the largest freshwater island in the world and has lakes 3861.02 which in turn have smaller islands.

2. Finland – 188,000

The Finnish tourism organization recognizes that the country has 179,584 islands, 98,050 of which are found in the country’s 188,000 lakes. Only the 455 of these islands have permanent establishments and use river connections to the mainland because they do not have connective road services. Above 700 are relatively large, with more than 0.39 square miles and have road connections to the mainland. The other tens of thousands are used for recreational, shipping, research or other purposes. Various facilities are available for visitors, including horse riding, kayaking and fishing.

1. Sweden – 221,800

Sweden has an estimated total of 221,800 islands, the majority of which are uninhabited. This number means that Sweden probably has more islands than anywhere else in the world. Even the country’s capital, Stockholm, is an archipelago of fourteen islands linked by 50 bridges and also has the medieval town of Gamla Stan, museums and royal palaces. The island of Öland has well-kept beaches, a castle and structures dating back to 5,000, making the island a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Other islands offer good sites for swimming, fishing and other water sports.

What is an inland sea?

A defining characteristic of all inland seas is their shallow depth, none reaching more than 2,000 in depth. The two great inland seas of the world today are Hudson Bay in North America and the Baltic Sea in Europe. Some sources also define the South China Sea and the Persian Gulf as inland seas. The world has seen the inner seas come and go in its history. The western inland seaway is an example of a prehistoric inland sea.

Hudson Bay

Hudson Bay covers an area of ​​X million square miles, making it the largest inland sea in the world. The sea drainage area is even larger and covers an area of ​​0.47 million square miles. The maximum length of the inland sea is 1.49 miles and 851 miles at its widest point. The relatively shallow depth of the sea is on average 652 feet and 330 feet at their deepest point, which is still shallow and characteristic of epicontinental seas. The inland sea has the longest coastline of any bay in North America and is surpassed only by the Bay of Bengal. The islands of the inland sea are classified into two groups; the Ottawa and Belcher Islands. Most of the islands are on the east coast of the bay. The Strait of Hudson is the link that connects the inland sea to the Atlantic Ocean, while the Foxe Basin connects the inland sea to the Arctic Ocean. The main countries of the inland sea are the United States and Canada.

The baltic sea

The Baltic Sea is a large inland sea which covers an area of ​​0.146 million square miles. With a coastline exceeding 5,000 miles, the sea has a maximum length of 995 miles and extends for 120 miles at its widest point. While the sea has an average depth of 180 feet, it is 1,506 feet deep at its deepest point (which is still shallow compared to other seas). The sea is made up of brackish water and is the largest brackish sea in the world. Nine rivers flow into the Baltic Sea; Vistula, Oder, Narva, Neman, Daugava, Torne (Alv), Kemijoki, Neva and Lule alv. The Baltic Sea watershed covers an area of ​​0.633 million square miles, more than four times the size of the sea itself. Poland, Denmark, Germany, Russia,

Prehistoric Inland Sea

The western interior seaway was a prehistoric inland sea that existed in the Cretaceous. The inland sea was found in modern North America and crossed the continent, connecting the Arctic Sea to the Gulf of Mexico. North America was at the time made up of two land masses; Appalachians and Laramidia. At its peak, the inland sea had a maximum width of 620 miles, stretching from the Appalachians to the Rockies, while its maximum length extended for 2,000 miles. The deepest point of the western inland seaway was between 2,600 feet and 3,000 feet, making the inland sea fairly shallow by sea standards.

The United States and Russia are separated by a waterway in the Pacific Ocean known as the Bering Strait. At its narrowest point, the Strait separates the State of Alaska from the United States and the island of Chukotka by the miles 51. A part of the strait freezes in winter, which makes it possible to cross the strait. The strait is relatively shallow, with a depth varying between 98 and 160 feet. The easternmost point of Asia and the westernmost point of North America are found in the strait , namely Cape Dezhnev and Cape Prince of Wales, respectively. Due to its remoteness and freezing temperatures, the region is sparsely populated. The largest settlement is the town of Nome, Alaska, which is home to 3,800 residents. Lavrentiya is the largest city on the Russian side of the strait, which has about 1,460 residents. The Strait is crossed by the International Date Line, which crosses the Diomede Islands, which means that Big Diomede Island and Little Diomede Island operate on different dates.

The Cold War

The Strait was heavily patrolled during the Cold War because it marked the international border between the two countries involved in the conflict. Residents of the Diomedes Islands, located on the border, crossed the border for many years for commercial and cultural purposes. However, the border was completely closed during the Cold War and cross-border movements were considered illegal. The border, also known as the “ice curtain,” was finally opened after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 12th century, and limited cross-border movement in the Bering Strait resumed.

The land bridge

The origin of the Paleo-Indians who lived in the Americas remained a mystery to scientists until a theory based on the history of the Bering Strait was proposed. Historians believe that around 20,000 years ago the Bering Strait was frozen and the result was the formation of a land bridge called Beringia. The land bridge occupied an area of ​​X million square miles at its peak and was 0.62 wide at its widest point. The formation of the land bridge allowed prehistoric humans inhabiting North Asia to walk to North America. Modern technological advances in DNA analysis, geology and archeology support this claim.

Bering Strait tunnel

For many years, the American and Russian governments have considered the idea of ​​building a tunnel that crosses the strait. Proposals to build a bridge across the Strait to link the two countries date back to the 12th century when Joseph Strauss, a renowned railway engineer, submitted his proposal to build a rail bridge across the Strait of 19. proposal. The depth of the strait and ocean currents are of little concern, while the region’s low temperatures are the main challenge. Russia has already launched a project which will include the construction of a tunnel under the strait. The project, known as the “TKM-World Link”, aims to link Alaska to Siberia and should include the development of a 13 km long tunnel under the strait.